Youssef Cherif
MECAM Papers English | 2025
Ghana and Tunisia have often been framed as beacons of democracy in their respective regions. However, as Ghana’s democracy matured over decades, Tunisia’s experiment remained fragile and ultimately collapsed. This paper examines how historical trajectories, leadership choices, regional influences, and economic challenges shaped their democratic paths, offering lessons on the risks of democratic backsliding.
Ghana transitioned to democracy in the 1990s, a period of global democratic expansion, allowing its institutions to consolidate. Tunisia’s transition in 2011 occurred at a time of global democratic retreat, making consolidation more fragile.
Tunisia’s highly centralised state struggled with democratic governance, while Ghana’s weaker state and decentralised and adaptable system facilitated political accommodation and institutional endurance. Respective French and British colonial legacies made a difference, too.
In terms of external support, Ghana benefitted from ECOWAS’ strong democratic norms, whereas in the case of Tunisia, the Arab Maghreb Union – ECOWAS’ North African counterpart – remained politically paralysed. Tunisia’s post-2011 reliance on fragmented international aid and support created conflicting incentives, unlike Ghana’s relatively stable foreign partnerships.
Both countries have faced severe economic crises, fuelling public disillusionment with democracy. Tunisia’s economic crash, driven by high debt and inflation, led to democratic erosion. Ghana’s current economic instability poses a similar risk to its democratic stability.
Tunisia’s democratic failure serves as a warning to Ghana: democratic survival is never certain. Ghanaian policymakers must address institutional weaknesses, economic instability, media polarisation, and rising disillusionment to prevent democratic backsliding.
English version: Tunisia and Ghana: Parallel Histories, Diverging Democracies
French version: La Tunisie et le Ghana : histoires parallèles, démocraties divergentes
Arabic version: تونس وغانا: تواريخ موازية وديمقراطيات متباعدة
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Merian Center for Advanced Studies in the Maghreb
Hamburg