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The integration of smallholder farmers into emerging value chains for fine-grain and ‘premium quality rice’ (PQR) could prove to be crucial to improving rural livelihoods in Bangladesh. Based on a pre-analysis plan, we analyse farmers' ability to efficiently allocate production enhancing inputs in PQR cultivation.

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Our study argues that different types of external pressure, such as public shaming, the nature of companies’ business relationships, and the legal-regulatory environments affects how firms responded to the sanctions against Russia . Using results from a survey of 610 medium-sized companies in Germany, Poland, and the United States, we find support for this claim.