This paper examines the concept of freedom in Islam, focusing on the Islamic doctrine of retreatist Salafism in Tunisia. Within Salafist Islam, freedom means strict adherence to religious purity and devotion. In contrast to Western, universalist conceptions of freedom, this religious movement frames freedom and subjection not as mutually exclusive but, indeed, as intertwined conditions.
In Islam in general, freedom is understood not as an individual right but as a divine duty and moral responsibility that elevates humanity through submission to God. This foundational principle frames freedom as liberation from temporal and material constraints, aligning human will with divine purpose.
Among quietist Salafists, the notion of freedom is closely tied to submission to God and acceptance of established authority, both of which are seen as expressions of divine will. This understanding positions obedience to authority as a fundamental component of their conception of freedom.
Quietist Salafists adopt an apolitical stance, prioritising individual piety over any form of political or social engagement. By contrast, jihadist Salafists seek to establish a state governed by sharīʿa.
Retreatist Salafists not only abstain from political or social contestation, they reject proselytism entirely, embracing complete withdrawal. They view this attitude of withdrawal and compliance as a way to safeguard religious integrity and avoid fitna (discord or strife), which they believe could endanger the unity and well-being of the Muslim community (umma).
Context
Understanding the concept of freedom in Islam through the lens of quietist and retreatist Salafism aligns with a perspective of cultural relativism. Such an approach can enrich debates on the diversity of human experiences. It can also inform inclusive governance policies concerning the religious sphere across the Global North and South, East and West, fostering mutual understanding and respect for cultural and religious differences.
Ghana and Tunisia have often been framed as beacons of democracy in their respective regions. However, as Ghana’s democracy matured over decades, Tunisia’s experiment ultimately collapsed. This paper examines diverse factors shaping their paths, offering lessons on the risks of democratic backsliding.
